RESUMO O estudo objetivou conhecer o perfil sociodemográfico, de formação e atuação profissional de médicos egressos de uma instituição privada, observar a conformidade deste perfil com o preconizado pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e contribuir para o Programa de Acompanhamento de Egressos. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário validado, adaptado e enviado online aos egressos das primeiras quatro turmas. A maioria era composta por mulheres, jovens, solteiras, com renda mensal de até dez salários mínimos. O curso contribuiu totalmente ou em grande parte para a formação na atenção básica e uma formação humanista, generalista, crítico-reflexiva e ética. Os egressos são atuantes no SUS, como generalistas, alocados na Região Norte, sentindo-se razoavelmente preparados para o mercado de trabalho e competentes. Houve tendência de conformidade deste perfil com o preconizado pelas DCN, e a contribuição para o Programa de Acompanhamento de Egressos se deu por meio da elaboração da Revista do Egresso.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to know the socio-demographic profile, training and professional performance of physicians graduates of a private institution, to observe the compliance of this profile with the one advocated by the DCN and to contribute to the Program of Accompaniment of Graduates. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire validated, adapted and sent online to the graduates of the first four classes. Most were women, young, single, with monthly income up to 10 minimum wages. The course contributed wholly or largely to training in basic Attention and humanistic training, generalist, critical-reflexive and ethical. The graduates are active in the SUS, as generalists, allocated in the North region, feeling reasonably prepared for the job market and competent. There was a tendency of compliance of this profile with the one recommended by the DCN and the contribution to the Program of Accompaniment of Graduates was given through the elaboration of Revista do Egresso.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brazilian hospitals has greatly impacted upon the morbidity and mortality of individuals in intensive care units. Given the lack of information regarding the dynamics of multidrug resistance in northern Brazil, we analyzed the clinical and microbiological features of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa. METHODS Between January 2010 and March 2012, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of P. aeruginosa isolates from 54 patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units. The clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed, including the patients' demographic data and comorbidities, and the lengths of the intensive care unit stays, the classification of the infections as nosocomial, the use of invasive procedures, antimicrobial therapy, and the patients' outcomes. We undertook susceptibility tests, molecular detection of the metallo-β-lactamase genes, and genotypic analyses of the isolates using the repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance occurred most frequently among isolates from adults who had been hospitalized for an average of 87.1 days. The use of mechanical ventilation and urinary catheters were risk factors for infection. The four isolates that harbored the blaSPM-1-like gene showed >95% genetic similarity. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings show that P. aeruginosa has a high death rate, and that inadequate treatment and invasive procedures are risk factors for infection. This is the first report describing the detection of the blaSPM-1-like gene in northern Brazil. These results highlight the need for better monitoring and a greater understanding of nosocomial infections and their public health impacts.

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:This study aimed to evaluate basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators, reported cases of malaria, and risk of contracting malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, State of Pará.METHODS:Data on basic sanitation and socioeconomic dimensions were taken from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)] 2010 census. Epidemiological malaria information was taken from the Epidemiological Malaria Surveillance Information System [ Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Malária (SIVEP/Malaria)], between 2003 and 2013 of the Ministry of Health and from the SIVEP/Malaria forms of the municipality's Endemic Diseases Unit for 2,013 cases.RESULTS:Our data do not confirm the correlation among indicators of basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and water supply with malaria cases. Of the 1,557 cases evaluated, most were caused by Plasmodium vivax , with rare cases of Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infections. There were 756 notifications in 2003. The number of reported cases was sharply reduced between 2006 and 2012, but a 142-case outbreak occurred in 2013. Ananindeua municipality's Annual Parasite Index indicated low risk in 2003 and no risk in other years, and the 2,013 cases were predominantly male individuals aged ≥40 years.CONCLUSIONS:Our data confirm the non-endemicity of malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, as the Annual Parasite Indices described for the years 2004-2013 classify it as a risk-free area. However, the 2013 outbreak indicates the need to strengthen prevention, surveillance, and control activities to reduce the risk of new outbreaks and consequent economic and social impacts on the population.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a sobrevida de pacientes com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) notificados e acompanhados no Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado (HFSE) no período de 1986 a 2006. METODOLOGIA: Utilizou-se o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox estendido, considerando a data de diagnóstico como variável tempo-dependente, dividindo a análise em dois períodos: <1996 e ≥1996 (após a introdução de antirretrovirais no HFSE). RESULTADOS: Dos 1.300 casos analisados, 62% eram homens. As seguintes variáveis apresentaram razões de risco (HR) significativas: critério de notificação baseado na quantificação sérica de CD4<350 (HR=0,187); grupo diagnosticado a partir de 1996 (HR=0,355); faixa etária >50 anos (HR=1,386); disfunção do sistema nervoso central (HR=1,570); caquexia (HR=1,526); sarcoma de Kaposi (HR=1,376); candidíase (HR=1,295). A taxa de sobrevida geral em 5 anos foi 35,7% e, em 10 anos, 6,3%. Para os casos notificados através do critério CD4, a sobrevida em 5 e 10 anos foi 89,6%. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho agrega evidência ao aumento de sobrevida dos pacientes de SIDA, e aponta o critério CD4 e o grupo tratado a partir de 1996 como as variáveis com maior associação a esse aumento.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the survival of AIDS patients reported in HFSE from 1986 to 2006. METHODS: We used the extended proportional hazards model of Cox considering the diagnosis date as a time-dependent variable, which divided the analysis in two periods: <1996 and ≥1996 (after the introduction of antiretrovirals in HFSE). RESULTS: Among the 1.300 cases analyzed, 62% were males. The following variables showed significant hazard ratios (HR): criteria for notification based on the quantification of serum CD4<350 (HR=0.187); group diagnosed after 1996 (HR=0.355); age >50 years (HR=1.386); dysfunction of the central nervous system (HR=1.570), cachexia (HR=1.526); Kaposi's sarcoma (HR=1.376); candidiasis (HR=1.295). The overall survival rate at 5 years was 35.7% and at 10 years, 6.3%. For cases reported through the CD4 criteria, survival at 5 and 10 years was 89.6%. CONCLUSION: This study adds evidence to the increased survival of AIDS patients and points the CD4 notification criteria and group diagnosed after 1996 as the variables with the greatest association with this increase.

Contact surveillance is a valuable strategy for controlling leprosy. A dynamic cohort study of leprosy contacts was initiated in 1987 at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The objective of this work was to review the data on the major risk factors leading up to the infectious stage of the disease, estimate incidence rates of leprosy in the cohort and characterise the risk factors for the disease among the contacts under surveillance. The incidence rate of leprosy among contacts of leprosy patients was estimated at 0.01694 cases per person-year in the first five years of follow-up. The following factors were associated with acquiring the disease: (i) not receiving the BCG vaccine, (ii) a negative Mitsuda reaction and (iii) contact with a patient with a multibacillary clinical form of leprosy. The contacts of index patients who had high bacilloscopic index scores > 1 were at especially high risk of infection. The following factors were associated with infection, which was defined as a seropositive reaction for anti-phenolic glicolipid-1 IgM: (i) young age (< 20 years), (ii) a low measured Mitsuda reaction (< 5 mm) and (iii) contact with an index patient who had a high bacilloscopic index. BCG vaccination and re-vaccination were shown to be protective among household contacts. The main conclusions of this study indicate an urgent need for additional leprosy control strategies in areas with a high incidence of the disease.

O objetivo foi identificar o padrão espacial da ocorrência da hanseníase em Duque de Caxias, município de alta endemicidade da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram selecionados todos os casos novos de hanseníase registrados no banco do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), entre 1998 e 2006. Realizou-se análise por período subdividido a cada três anos, seguido de análise espacial por meio da estimativa bayesiana empírica local e do cálculo da autocorrelação espacial global (Moran) e local (LISA). A análise mostrou melhora acentuada do quadro epidemiológico, com o diagnóstico mais precoce. Houve redução da proporção de casos com grau II de 13,6% para 8,6% (p = 0,04). Verificou-se aumento da detecção de casos com forma indeterminada, de 10,3% para 18% (p = 0,00). A análise espacial identificou cluster na faixa sul-noroeste, não relacionado diretamente às ações de campanhas ou descentralização, mostrando ser uma ferramenta importante para identificação de áreas críticas da endemia e para avaliação do impacto das ações estratégias de combate à doença.

The objective of this study was to identify spatial patterns in the occurrence of leprosy in Duque de Caxias, a municipality (county) with high endemicity for the disease in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The authors selected all new leprosy cases reported to the Brazilian National Database on Diseases of Notification (SINAN) from 1998 to 2006. The analysis was performed according to three-year periods, followed by spatial analysis according to the local empirical Bayesian method and calculation of global (Moran) and local (LISA) spatial autocorrelation. The analysis showed marked improvement in the epidemiological situation associated with earlier diagnosis. There was a reduction in the proportion of cases with grade II leprosy, from 13.6% to 8.6% (p = 0.04), and increased detection of cases with the indeterminate form, from 10.3% to 18% (p = 0.00). Spatial analysis identified a cluster in the South-Northwest of the municipality, not directly related to the actions or decentralization campaign, proving to be an important tool for identifying critical areas for the endemic and assessing the impact of strategic measures to combat the disease.

O objetivo foi identificar o padrão espacial da ocorrência da hanseníase em Duque de Caxias, município de alta endemicidade da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram selecionados todos os casos novos de hanseníase registrados no banco do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), entre 1998 e 2006. Realizou-se análise por período subdividido a cada três anos, seguido de análise espacial por meio da estimativa bayesiana empírica local e do cálculo da autocorrelação espacial global (Moran) e local (LISA). A análise mostrou melhora acentuada do quadro epidemiológico, com o diagnóstico mais precoce. Houve redução da proporção de casos com grau II de 13,6% para 8,6% (p = 0,04). Verificou-se aumento da detecção de casos com forma indeterminada, de 10,3% para 18% (p = 0,00). A análise espacial identificou cluster na faixa sul-noroeste, não relacionado diretamente às ações de campanhas ou descentralização, mostrando ser uma ferramenta importante para identificação de áreas críticas da endemia e para avaliação do impacto das ações estratégias de combate à doença.

The objective of this study was to identify spatial patterns in the occurrence of leprosy in Duque de Caxias, a municipality (county) with high endemicity for the disease in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The authors selected all new leprosy cases reported to the Brazilian National Database on Diseases of Notification (SINAN) from 1998 to 2006. The analysis was performed according to three-year periods, followed by spatial analysis according to the local empirical Bayesian method and calculation of global (Moran) and local (LISA) spatial autocorrelation. The analysis showed marked improvement in the epidemiological situation associated with earlier diagnosis. There was a reduction in the proportion of cases with grade II leprosy, from 13.6% to 8.6% (p = 0.04), and increased detection of cases with the indeterminate form, from 10.3% to 18% (p = 0.00). Spatial analysis identified a cluster in the South-Northwest of the municipality, not directly related to the actions or decentralization campaign, proving to be an important tool for identifying critical areas for the endemic and assessing the impact of strategic measures to combat the disease.

Hemoglobinopathies, in particular sickle cell disease, is the most prevalent group of genetically transmitted diseases in the Brazilian population and should thus be treated as a public health problem. Many of these patients frequently present with complications and require emergency care at the blood bank Coordinator in Rio de Janeiro. This study was developed with the aim of characterizing the emergency assistance required by sickle cell disease patients registered in the blood bank from January 2007 to December 2008. A retrospective study of medical records was made of 78, mostly children, patients from the date of their registration until December 2009. Most attendances (63.7%) were not considered emergency care. The use of specialized services for cases that do not require this level of complexity may saturate the capacity of these centers. However, delay of intervention for complications due to the transportation of patients to specialist centers may lead to deterioration in the clinical condition.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer, entre os pontos de corte do índice homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), citados na literatura, o melhor em identificar a síndrome metabólica (SM) em crianças com obesidade e sobrepeso. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 140 crianças pré-púberes. A definição de SM foi adaptada da International Diabetes Federation. Para cada ponto de corte de HOMA-IR foram estimados sensibilidade e especificidade, tomandose como desfecho a SM. Uma curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) foi construída com estes valores. RESULTADOS: O grupo estudado constituiu-se de 106 crianças com obesidade (37 meninas e 69 meninos) e 34 com sobrepeso (19 meninas e 15 meninos), média de idade 6,5 ± 2,3 anos. A acurácia da curva ROC foi 72%, e o melhor ponto de corte foi 2,5, com sensibilidade 61% e especificidade 74%. CONCLUSÃO: O índice HOMA-IR pode ser útil para detectar a SM, e o ponto de corte 2,5 mostrou-se o melhor para crianças pré-púberes com obesidade e sobrepeso.

OBJECTIVE: To establish, among the cut-off values for the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) cited in the literature, the best in identifying metabolic syndrome (MS) in obese and overweight children. METHODS: A total of 106 pre-pubertal children were studied. The definition of MS was adapted from that of the International Diabetes Federation. For each cut-off values for HOMA-IR, it was estimated sensibility and specificity for MS. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated using these values. RESULTS: The study included 106 obese (37 girls and 69 boys) and 34 overweight (19 girls and 15 boys) children aged 6,5 ± 2,3 years. The accuracy of the ROC curve was 72%, and the best cut-off value for HOMAIR was 2,5, with sensitivity of 61% and specificity of 74%. CONCLUSIONS: HOMA-IR may be useful to detect MS and the cut-off 2,5 seems to be the best in obese and overweight pre-pubertal children.

As estratégias de controle da hanseníase no mundo vêm sofrendo mudanças na última década, com finalidade de alcançar a meta de eliminação da doença recomendada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Atualmente, países mais endêmicos ainda encontram dificuldades de atingir essa meta. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as estratégias de eliminação realizadas em Duque de Caxias, município do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com alta endemicidade, e analisar os principais indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais da doença e sua tendência evolutiva nos últimos 14 anos, a partir do banco de dados oficial de notificação: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Estratégias como descentralização do atendimento ao paciente e campanhas localizadas foram associadas ao aumento da detecção de casos mais precoces, e à redução da taxa de prevalência e do tempo de permanência dos pacientes no registro ativo. Um incremento na taxa de detecção anual pode estar relacionado à existência de prevalência oculta ou de indivíduos com infecção assintomática. Novas estratégias complementares necessitam ser formuladas para o alcance da eliminação da doença no município.

Various strategies for eliminating leprosy as a public health problem have evolved in the last 20 years. In some countries, especially highly endemic ones, the WHO target rate for leprosy elimination fell far short. The current study aimed to analyze the impact of different strategies for reducing leprosy prevalence in Duque de Caxias, a highly endemic municipality in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The study observed the evolution of traditional operational indicators for the disease and their trends in the last 14 years. The indicators were calculated using the National Communicable Diseases Database (SINAN). Strategies that focused on decentralization of patient care and/or localized campaigns were associated with earlier case detection, reduction in prevalence, and shorter patient time in the active registry. An increase in the annual detection rate could be related to the existence of hidden prevalence or individuals with asymptomatic infection. New complementary strategies are needed to eliminate the disease in Duque de Caxias.

As estratégias de controle da hanseníase no mundo vêm sofrendo mudanças na última década, com finalidade de alcançar a meta de eliminação da doença recomendada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Atualmente, países mais endêmicos ainda encontram dificuldades de atingir essa meta. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as estratégias de eliminação realizadas em Duque de Caxias, município do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com alta endemicidade, e analisar os principais indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais da doença e sua tendência evolutiva nos últimos 14 anos, a partir do banco de dados oficial de notificação: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Estratégias como descentralização do atendimento ao paciente e campanhas localizadas foram associadas ao aumento da detecção de casos mais precoces, e à redução da taxa de prevalência e do tempo de permanência dos pacientes no registro ativo. Um incremento na taxa de detecção anual pode estar relacionado à existência de prevalência oculta ou de indivíduos com infecção assintomática. Novas estratégias complementares necessitam ser formuladas para o alcance da eliminação da doença no município.

Various strategies for eliminating leprosy as a public health problem have evolved in the last 20 years. In some countries, especially highly endemic ones, the WHO target rate for leprosy elimination fell far short. The current study aimed to analyze the impact of different strategies for reducing leprosy prevalence in Duque de Caxias, a highly endemic municipality in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The study observed the evolution of traditional operational indicators for the disease and their trends in the last 14 years. The indicators were calculated using the National Communicable Diseases Database (SINAN). Strategies that focused on decentralization of patient care and/or localized campaigns were associated with earlier case detection, reduction in prevalence, and shorter patient time in the active registry. An increase in the annual detection rate could be related to the existence of hidden prevalence or individuals with asymptomatic infection. New complementary strategies are needed to eliminate the disease in Duque de Caxias.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estudar os fatores que influem no adoecimento dos contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase. Foi estabelecida uma coorte de contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase no setor de Hanseníase da Fiocruz, no Rio de Janeiro. Entre 1987 e 1991, em que foram acompanhados 670 contatos saudáveis, a taxa de incidência por pessoa-ano de follow-up foi de 0,01694. Porém, houve variação com o tempo de acompanhamento de cada indivíduo, sendo de 0,06385 ao final do primeiro ano, de 0,03299 ao final do segundo, 0,02370 ao final do terceiro, 0,018622 ao final do quarto e 0,01694 ao final do período. Foi especificado um modelo de regressão logística para os indivíduos acompanhados nos primeiros cinco anos, envolvendo 758 contatos, incluindo nessa situação os casos co-prevalentes. O risco de incidência de hanseníase está relacionado com a negatividade do teste de Mitsuda, com OR de 3,093 (IC95% = 1,735-5,514), com a vacinação pelo BCG, OR de 0,3802 (IC95% = 0,2151-0,66719), e com a forma multibacilar do caso-índice, OR de 2,547 (IC95% = 1,249-5,192). Os resultados indicam que a incidência da hanseníase em contatos está associada à forma multibacilar da doença e aos fatores imunes dos contatos.

This study aimed to identify factors influencing the development of leprosy (Hansen's disease) in household contacts. A dynamic cohort was analyzed from 1987 to 1991 at the Hansen's Disease Department of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro. The incidence rate was 0.01694 person-years of follow-up. Nevertheless, for subjects at the end of the first year of follow-up the incidence rate was 0.06385 (end of second year, 0.03299; end of third year, 0.02370; end of fourth year, 0.018622; and end of observation period, 0.01694). A stepwise multivariate logistic regression model was proposed to study the risk of developing leprosy, including co-prevalent cases, totaling 758 contacts. In the final model, the risk was associated with a negative Mitsuda skin test (OR = 3.093; CI 95% = 1.735-5.514), prior BCG vaccination (OR = 0.3802; CI 95% = 0.2151-0.66719), and multibacillary primary clinical form (OR = 2.547; CI 95% = 1.249-5.192). The results showed that both multibacillary leprosy and specific immune status are significant indicators for developing the disease in a cohort of household contacts.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estudar os fatores que influem no adoecimento dos contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase. Foi estabelecida uma coorte de contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase no setor de Hanseníase da Fiocruz, no Rio de Janeiro. Entre 1987 e 1991, em que foram acompanhados 670 contatos saudáveis, a taxa de incidência por pessoa-ano de follow-up foi de 0,01694. Porém, houve variação com o tempo de acompanhamento de cada indivíduo, sendo de 0,06385 ao final do primeiro ano, de 0,03299 ao final do segundo, 0,02370 ao final do terceiro, 0,018622 ao final do quarto e 0,01694 ao final do período. Foi especificado um modelo de regressão logística para os indivíduos acompanhados nos primeiros cinco anos, envolvendo 758 contatos, incluindo nessa situação os casos co-prevalentes. O risco de incidência de hanseníase está relacionado com a negatividade do teste de Mitsuda, com OR de 3,093 (IC95% = 1,735-5,514), com a vacinação pelo BCG, OR de 0,3802 (IC95% = 0,2151-0,66719), e com a forma multibacilar do caso-índice, OR de 2,547 (IC95% = 1,249-5,192). Os resultados indicam que a incidência da hanseníase em contatos está associada à forma multibacilar da doença e aos fatores imunes dos contatos.

This study aimed to identify factors influencing the development of leprosy (Hansen's disease) in household contacts. A dynamic cohort was analyzed from 1987 to 1991 at the Hansen's Disease Department of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro. The incidence rate was 0.01694 person-years of follow-up. Nevertheless, for subjects at the end of the first year of follow-up the incidence rate was 0.06385 (end of second year, 0.03299; end of third year, 0.02370; end of fourth year, 0.018622; and end of observation period, 0.01694). A stepwise multivariate logistic regression model was proposed to study the risk of developing leprosy, including co-prevalent cases, totaling 758 contacts. In the final model, the risk was associated with a negative Mitsuda skin test (OR = 3.093; CI 95% = 1.735-5.514), prior BCG vaccination (OR = 0.3802; CI 95% = 0.2151-0.66719), and multibacillary primary clinical form (OR = 2.547; CI 95% = 1.249-5.192). The results showed that both multibacillary leprosy and specific immune status are significant indicators for developing the disease in a cohort of household contacts.